Turabian Foot Note Referencing Style

Turabian is a version of Chicago style that’s specifically designed for students and researchers. If you’ve been told to follow Chicago style when writing your academic papers, thesis, or dissertation, it’s usually the Turabian guidelines that will be most useful to you.

IN A BIBLIOGRAPHY
Author last name, First name. Book Title: Subtitle. Place of publication: Publisher, Year.

Example

Berlin, Ira Slaves without Masters. New York: Random House, 1974.

IN FOOTNOTE:
Author first name Last name, Book Title: Subtitle (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), Page number(s).

_____________________________________________________________

Balters,Deborah E  and Marry Strange, Midwives in Savannah. Bambridge: Douglass University Press, 1979.

IN A FOOTNOTE

____________________________________________________________________________________________

⁴ Deborah E.Balters and Marry strange, Midwives in Savannah( Bambridge: Douglass University Press, 1979)27.

IN A BIBLIOGRAPHY

Example

Mulin, Michael.”Slaves obeahmen and slaveowning Patriachs in an Era of war and Revolution (1776-1807).” in comparatives Pespective, of slavery in New world Plantation society ed.

Vera Rubin and Arthur Tuden, 481-90 New York, 1977: Annals of the New york Academy of Sciences 292

 
IN A FOOTNOTE

          ⁵ Michael Mulin,.”Slave’s obeahmen and slave owning Patriarchs in an Era of war and Revolution
           (1776-1807).” ).” in comparatives Perspective, of slavery in New world Plantation society ed.
            Vera Rubin and Arthur Tuden (New York, : Annals of the New york Academy of
            Sciences 1977), 489.

IN A BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Example

Linebaugh, Peter and Rediker, Marcus.” The many – Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves and the AtlanticWorking class in the Eighteenth Century,” Journal of Historical sociology 3(September 1990) : 225- 252.

IN A FOOTNOTE

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

⁶Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker, .” The many – Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves and the Atlantic Working class in the Eighteenth Century,” Journal of Historical sociology 3(September 1990) 227

IN A BIBLIOGRAPHY

Example

The bibliography typically does not include dictionaries, encyclopedias, or other well-known works.

IN A FOOTNOTE

____________________________________________

 ⁷ Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008 ed, s.v. “Slavery “

Rae, John. Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy. Boston: Hillard, Gray and Company, 1834. In The Making of the Modern World, http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOME?af=RN&ae=U104874605&srchtp=a&ste=14 (accessed June 22, 2009).  

Author last name, First name. “Article Title.” Journal Name Volume, no. Issue (Month or Season Year): Page range. DOI or URL.
Effland, Ann. “Small Farms/Family Farms: Tracing a History of Definitions and Meanings.” Agricultural History 95, no. 2 (Spring 2021): 313–330. https://doi.org/10.3098/ah.2021.095.2.313.

In-Text Citation

Every time a source is quoted or paraphrased in the text, a footnote should be added. They correlate to reference numbers in the text and are located at the bottom of the relevant page. In Microsoft Word, adding footnotes is simple.

At the conclusion of the clause or sentence it refers to, the reference number is displayed in superscript. It comes after all punctuation, bar the dash:

Example

Johnson argues that “the data is unconvincing.”¹

Johnson argues that “the data is unconvincing”¹—but Smith contends that…